Why Do Men Grow Beards?

A beard is one of the most distinctive traits of men and has long been a symbol of masculinity, wisdom, and strength in many cultures throughout history.

But what actually causes men to grow beards?

What happens in the body that leads to facial hair growth — and why is it something that develops only in men during adulthood?

This article explores the biological and hormonal mechanisms behind beard growth and why it is so closely associated with masculinity.

What Causes Beard Growth?

Beard growth in men is the result of hormonal changes that occur during puberty.

The key player in this process is the male sex hormone testosterone.

Testosterone and DHT

Testosterone is the primary male hormone responsible for many of the physical differences between men and women — including facial hair.

When boys reach puberty, testosterone levels rise, triggering hair growth on the face.

Testosterone is then converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent hormone that plays an even greater role in stimulating beard growth.

DHT binds to receptors in the hair follicles of the face, causing them to produce thicker, darker hair — the hallmark of a mature beard.

The Role of Genetics

Although testosterone and DHT are essential for beard growth, genetics determine how responsive your hair follicles are to these hormones.

Some men are genetically predisposed to develop full, thick beards, while others may have patchy or sparse growth.

This variation is inherited and depends on how each person’s hair follicles react to androgenic hormones.

Age and Puberty

During puberty, the body’s testosterone production increases, leading to the first signs of facial hair — typically fine, light hairs on the upper lip or chin.

As testosterone levels remain high, these hairs gradually become thicker and darker.

Most men develop a fuller beard between the ages of 18 and 25, but beard density can continue to increase into the 30s.

Why Don’t All Men Grow Full Beards?

Not all men develop a full beard, and several factors can influence this.

Genetics

Genetic variation plays a major role.

If your father or grandfather had sparse beards, there is a higher chance you’ll have similar growth patterns.

Genes influence both beard thickness and the sensitivity of facial hair follicles to DHT.

Testosterone Levels

Men with lower testosterone levels may struggle to grow thick or complete beards.

In cases of testosterone deficiency, facial hair may remain thin or slow to grow.

While testosterone replacement therapy can help in some situations, it should only be considered under medical supervision.

Age and Pubertal Development

Some men simply develop facial hair later than others.

Late puberty or gradual hormonal maturation may delay full beard growth.

In some cases — particularly with a genetic predisposition to lighter growth — a full beard may never develop.

Health Conditions

Certain medical conditions can also affect beard growth.

Hormonal imbalances, thyroid disorders, or low testosterone can inhibit hair growth.

Autoimmune conditions like alopecia areata, which causes patchy hair loss, can also reduce beard density.

Beards and Masculinity

Across cultures and history, beards have been strongly associated with masculinity.

In early societies, a full beard was seen as a sign of maturity, wisdom, and strength.

Even today, beards often serve as a symbol of identity and self-expression.

Beard as Identity and Style

In modern culture, beards are often worn as a style choice or expression of individuality.

Some men grow beards to appear more mature or assertive, while others do it simply for aesthetic preference.

Beards can also carry cultural or social meanings — from creativity and rebellion to tradition and authority.

Beard Care

For men who grow beards, proper beard care is essential.

Regular washing, trimming, and moisturizing help maintain healthy growth and appearance.

Beard oils and conditioners can also prevent skin dryness and irritation underneath the beard.

Summary

Beard growth in men is primarily driven by testosterone and DHT, which stimulate facial hair follicles to produce thicker, darker hair.

Genetics determine how dense and full a man’s beard becomes, while age, hormonal levels, and health conditions all influence the process.

While beards have long symbolized masculinity and maturity, not having a beard is perfectly normal — facial hair is a matter of biology, not identity.

Sources

• Hordinsky M, et al. (2018). Androgenetic alopecia in men and women: pathogenesis and treatment. Dermatol Clin, 36(3):341–347.

• Hughes M, et al. (2016). Hormonal regulation of hair growth in men and women. Dermatol Ther, 29(2):69–78.

• Wang C, et al. (2011). Testosterone and its role in male health. Endocrine Reviews, 32(4):330–350.

• Ellis JA, et al. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on male pattern baldness. Int J Dermatol, 41(8):454–461.

• Tobin DJ. (2015). The human hair follicle: a review of the biology and physiology of the hair follicle and its diseases. Dermatology, 230(3):191–200.