Anatomy

The trapezius is a key muscle for scapular movement and shoulder stability. This article covers its anatomy, function, common dysfunctions, clinical assessment, and evidence-based exercise strategies for rehabilitation and postural control.

Teres major is a powerful muscle involved in shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation. This article explains its anatomy, function, clinical importance, and how to train and rehabilitate it effectively.

The serratus anterior is essential for scapular control and overhead shoulder function. This overview explains its synergy, clinical importance, and targeted rehabilitation strategies.

Subscapularis plays a key role in internal rotation and anterior shoulder stability. Common injuries, clinical tests, and targeted rehabilitation strategies are reviewed.

The infraspinatus is a key rotator cuff muscle essential for external rotation, shoulder stability, and controlled deceleration during overhead activities.

Semitendinosus er en sentral hamstringsmuskel med betydning for hofteekstensjon, knefleksjon, stabilitet og rehabilitering etter skade og kirurgi.

Gluteus medius is a large, fan-shaped muscle located on the lateral aspect of the hip. It plays a crucial role in hip abduction and pelvic stabilization during walking, running, and single-leg activities. Dysfunction of the muscle is strongly associated with altered gait mechanics, hip pain, and lower-extremity injuries.

Psoas major is a deep hip flexor linking the lumbar spine to the femur. This guide covers anatomy, biomechanics, common pain patterns, differential diagnosis, rehab principles, and targeted exercises.

Iliacus is a key hip flexor essential for efficient gait, explosive knee drive, and lumbopelvic stability. Dysfunction often results in compensatory knee-dominant movement, lumbar rotation, and hamstring overload. A structured rehabilitation approach—progressing from pain-free activation to high-velocity functional training—restores control, performance, and injury resilience.

Quadratus plantae, also known as flexor accessorius, is a deep intrinsic muscle of the plantar foot that optimizes toe flexion by correcting the pull of the flexor digitorum longus tendon. Dysfunction may contribute to plantar heel pain, reduced push-off efficiency, and altered gait mechanics.

Gracilis is a long, slender medial thigh muscle crossing both the hip and knee joints. It plays a key role in adduction, knee flexion, and medial knee stability, and is frequently involved in groin-related injuries.

Adductor brevis is a small but clinically important medial thigh muscle that contributes to hip adduction, pelvic stabilisation, and fine motor control during gait and sport. Dysfunction is commonly associated with groin pain and adductor-related injuries.

Quadratus lumborum is a deep posterior abdominal muscle that stabilises the lumbar spine and pelvis and interacts closely with breathing mechanics. Dysfunction is commonly linked to unilateral low back pain and compensatory movement patterns.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle separating the thorax and abdomen, playing a central role in respiration, intra-abdominal pressure, and postural stability. Dysfunction may cause dyspnoea, orthopnoea, and impaired cough.

Gluteus minimus is a key stabilising muscle of the hip and pelvis, particularly during gait and single-leg weight bearing. Dysfunction is strongly linked to GTPS, Trendelenburg gait, and lumbopelvic instability.

The pectineus is a unique hip muscle positioned between the anterior and medial thigh compartments. It plays a key role in hip flexion, adduction, pelvic stabilisation, and functional movements such as gait, stair climbing, and single-leg stance.